Which of the following causes potential abrasion to a membrane liner?

The potential for abrasion to a membrane liner is significantly influenced by the presence and type of materials that come into contact with it. Cementitious or chemical binding agents can cause wear and tear on membrane liners due to their composition and the reactions they undergo. These materials are often coarse, have sharp edges, and can exert pressure or movement that leads to friction against the liner, ultimately resulting in physical damage.

On the other hand, while sand and gravel can also be abrasive, their impact is more associated with physical movement rather than the specific chemical properties and hardness of cementitious materials. Water and air, although they play a role in the overall environment surrounding a membrane liner, do not contribute to abrasion in the way that hard and granular materials do. Organic materials, while they can affect membrane integrity in other ways, such as through decay or chemical interaction, are not inherently abrasive like cementitious or chemical agents. Understanding the unique properties of these materials helps in assessing the potential risks they pose to membrane liners in various applications.